Meta-Analysis of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Correlates of Atrial Fibrillation in Rheumatic Heart Disease

Jean Jacques Noubiap; Ulrich Flore Nyaga; Aude Laetitia Ndoadoumgue; Jan René Nkeck; Anderson Ngouo; Jean Joel Bigna

Original Research

Meta-Analysis of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Correlates of Atrial Fibrillation in Rheumatic Heart Disease

Authors

Jean Jacques Noubiap
Ulrich Flore Nyaga
Aude Laetitia Ndoadoumgue
Jan René Nkeck
Anderson Ngouo
Jean Joel Bigna

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the incidence, prevalence, and correlates of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a global population with rheumatic heart disease (RHD).

Methods: Bibliographic databases were searched to identify all published studies providing data on AF in patients with RHD. Random-effects meta-analysis method was used to pool estimates.

Results: Eighty-three studies were included, reporting data from 75,637 participants with RHD in 42 countries. The global prevalence of AF in RHD was 32.8% (range: 4.3%–79.9%). It was higher in severe valvular disease (30.8% vs 20.7%, p = 0.009), in severe mitral valve disease compared to severe aortic disease (30.4% vs 6.3%, p = 0.038). The global cumulative incidence of AF in patients with RHD was 4.8%, 11.4%, 13.2%, and 30.8% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years of follow-up, respectively. From comparison between patients with and without AF, AF was associated with increased age (mean difference [MD]: 9.5 years; 95% CI: 7.8–1.3), advanced heart failure (odds ratio [OR]: 4.4; 95% CI 2.1–9.3), tricuspid valve involvement (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 3.0–5.3), history of thromboembolism (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 3.4–11.4), highly sensitive C-reactive protein (MD: 5.5 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.2–9.8), systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (MD: 3.6 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.8–6.3), right atrium pressure (MD: 1.5 mmHg; 95% CI: 1.0–2.0), and left atrium diameter (MD: 8.1 mm; 95% CI: 5.5–10.7).

Conclusions: About one-third of patients with RHD have AF, with an incidence which almost triples every five years after diagnosis. Factors associated with AF include age, advanced heart failure, thromboembolism, and few cardiac hemodynamics parameters.

Keywords:

Year: 2020

Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Page/Article: 38

DOI: 10.5334/gh.807

Submitted on Apr 16, 2020

Accepted on Apr 16, 2020

Published on May 18, 2020

Peer Reviewed

CC BY 4.0

Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a leading global health problem, which disproportionally affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) []. There are nearly 33 million people living with RHD, with about 80% of them residing in LMICs []. RHD accounts for about 275,000 deaths every year, 95% of these occurring in LMICs []. RHD results from recurrent episodes of acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune response to untreated group A streptococcal pharyngitis that causes inflammation and fibrosis of the heart valves. Severe valvular damage leads to altered hemodynamics, chamber remodeling, subsequently heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF), thromboembolism, infective endocarditis, and eventually premature death [].

AF, which is the most sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population, is a major problem in RHD, owing to its prevalence and complications []. AF is a factor of progression and decompensation of heart failure in RHD, and is associated with cardioembolic stroke and systemic emboli [, , , ]. Furthermore, AF has been identified as a predictor of event-free survival before and after mitral valve intervention [, , , ]. Several clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic factors have been associated with the occurrence of AF in patients with RHD. Those factors include age, cardiac chambers sizes and pressures, left ventricular function, mitral valve involvement, and inflammatory markers such as highly sensitive C-reactive protein, amongst others [, , ]. However, reports on the correlation of those factors with AF in RHD have shown some inconsistencies.

The current review summarizes the available data on the incidence and prevalence of AF in the global RHD population, according to region, RHD endemicity, age group, valvular involvement and severity, and pre- and post-valvular intervention. A meta-analysis of the potential correlates of AF in RHD is also presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of AF in RHD.

Methods

This review was conducted as recommended in the Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual [] and is reported in accordance with the Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines [].

Literature search

PubMed/MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus were searched to identify all studies reporting primary data of the prevalence, incidence, or correlates of AF in people with RHD, published until April 30, 2019, irrespective of the language. The search strategy was built according to the PRESS guidelines [], based on the combination of relevant terms including ‘rheumatic heart disease’, ‘atrial fibrillation’, and their bibliographic synonyms (Supplementary Table 1, Appendix). The reference lists of all eligible articles and relevant reviews were scrutinized to identify potential additional data sources.

Figure 1

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease by WHO region.

Selection of studies to include in the review

We included observational studies either cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional, reporting on the prevalence or the incidence or the correlates of AF in individuals with RHD, or enough data to compute these estimates. We excluded letters, editorials, reviews, and studies without primary data or a clear description of methods. For studies published in more than one report (duplicates), the most comprehensive reporting the largest sample size was considered.

Two investigators (JJN and JJB) independently screened records for eligibility based on titles and abstracts. Full-texts of articles deemed potentially eligible were retrieved. Further, these investigators independently assessed the full-text of each study for eligibility, and consensually retained studies to be included. Disagreements were solved through a discussion.

Data extraction and management

Data were extracted using a preconceived, piloted, and standardized data abstraction form. Three pairs of investigators (UFN, ALN, AN, JRN, JJN, JJB) independently extracted data including: name of the first author, year of publication, study design, period of inclusion of participants, recruitment site (country, number of sites), sampling method, number of participants included with RHD, number of cases of AF, age distribution, proportion of males, and clinical presentation. We assigned a World Health Organization (WHO) geographic region and a development index to each study regarding the country of recruitment. Data were collected to compute subgroup analysis according to age group (children, adolescents, adults), valve involved (aortic and mitral), type of valvular lesion (regurgitation, stenosis, or mixed), severity of valvular lesion (mild/moderate vs severe), whether the participants have had a valvular intervention (valvulotomy, valvuloplasty, surgical valve replacement) or not, on clinical, biological, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic parameters evaluated as potential correlates of AF in RHD, including history of cerebrovascular event, heart failure, highly sensitive C reactive protein, brain natriuretic peptide, pulmonary artery pressures, right and left atrium pressures and diameters, left ventricular ejection fraction and diameters, and valvular areas.

We used an adapted version of the tool developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute to assess the risk of bias in included studies []. Two pairs of investigators (UFN, ALN, AN, JRN) independently ran the assessment. Discrepancies were discussed and resolved through consensus. Inter-rater agreements between investigators for study inclusion and methodological quality assessment were assessed using Cohen’s κ.

Statistical analysis

Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta packages of the R statistical software (version 3.6.0, The R Foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria). With metaprop function, we used the reference method to synthetize prevalence data as recommended by Barendregt and colleagues []. All prevalence estimates were reported with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). To minimize the effect of studies with extremely small or extremely large prevalence estimates on the overall estimate, the variance of study-specific prevalence was stabilized with the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation before pooling the data with the random-effects meta-analysis model []. Heterogeneity was assessed by the χ² test on Cochrane’s Q statistic [], which was quantified by I² values, assuming I² values of 25, 50, and 75% respectively representing low, medium, and high heterogeneity []. The Egger test was used to assess the presence of publication bias []. A p value < 0.10 was considered indicative of a statistically significant publication bias []. We conducted subgroup analyses according to WHO regional location of included participants, level of human development index, valvular surgical intervention status (before and after), and age group (children, adolescents, and adults). We calculated R² through meta-regression analysis (with metareg function) to identify covariates that explained the heterogeneity in the global estimate, and therefore quantify the heterogeneity accounted for. We conducted a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis to explore how sensitive the global prevalence of AF in RHD was to the exclusion of individual studies. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis selection only in studies with low risk of bias in the methodological assessment.

For investigating factors associated with AF, a meta-analysis using the random-effects method of DerSimonian and Laird was performed to pool weighted odds ratios (OR) and weighted mean differences (MD) with metabin and metacont functions respectively []. All strengths of association were reported with their 95% CI. We also performed a narrative synthesis of factors associated AF.

Results

Study selection and characteristics

In total, we identified 3,212 records among which 83 studies were finally included (Supplementary Figure 1) [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]. Agreement between review authors for study selection (κ = 0.78), and key data extraction (κ = 0.91), and methodological quality assessment (κ = 0.83) were moderate to high. Studies’ characteristics are summarized in Supplementary Table 2. For the 73 studies included in prevalence and incidence analysis, 19 (26%) studies had high risk, 30 (41%) moderate risk, and 24 (33%) low risk of bias. For the 18 studies included in the meta-analysis of correlates, one (6%) had high risk, six (33%) moderate risk, and 11 (61%) had low risk of bias. In total, data were from 75,637 participants in 42 countries. Forty-three (60%) studies collected data among patients without valvular surgical intervention, 26 (36%) among patients after valvular surgical intervention, and three (4%) studies included both patients. Data were published between 1984 and 2019. Participants were included in original studies from 1965 to 2017. The proportion of males varied between 0 and 63%. Most studies were cross-sectional (51%) and prospectively collected data (64%). Individual characteristics of included studies are in Supplementary Table 3.

Figure 2

Meta-analysis of the incidence of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease.

Global incidence and prevalence of AF in patients with RHD

The global prevalence of AF in RHD was 32.8% (95% CI 28.1–37.7) with substantial heterogeneity (Figure 1), ranging from 4.3% [] to 79.9% [] in individual studies. This heterogeneity was significantly explained by the country’s level of development (R²: 57.6%), distribution across WHO regions (R²: 50.4%), age groups (R²: 35.0%), RHD endemic profile of the country (R²: 24.5%), and slightly by study period (R²: 7.0%) and by valvular intervention status (R²: 3.9%) (Table 1). In a multivariate meta-regression model with all these covariates, the R² was 57.1%. In the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, all estimated global prevalences were in the range of the crude analysis (Supplementary Figure 2). When considering only low-risk bias studies, the global prevalence was very close to that of crude analysis (Table 1). The funnel plot (Supplementary Figure 3) suggested the presence of publication bias which was confirmed by the Egger test, p < 0.0001 (Table 1).

Table 1

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the global population with rheumatic heart disease.

	Prevalence, %	95% Confidence interval	N Studies	N Participants	Heterogeneity		P Egger test	P value comparison	Meta-regression

					I², %	P value			R², %	P value for testing of moderators

Global	32.8	28.1–37.7	69	43,059	99.0	<0.0001	<0.0001	–	–
· Low risk of bias studies	34.7	25.3–44.8	20	4,819	98.0	< 0.0001	0.257	–	–
By WHO region									50.4	<0.0001
· Europe	50.1	43.1–57.1	16	8,503	97.3	<0.0001	0.010	<0.0001
· Western Pacific	45.9	36.9–55.1	11	3,880	96.4	<0.0001	0.467
· Eastern Mediterranean	33.6	23.0–45.2	10	2,361	96.6	<0.0001	0.863
· Americas	25.1	13.6–38.8	6	644	92.7	<0.0001	0.127
· South-East Asia	22.9	17.1–29.3	18	22,461	98.9	<0.0001	0.001
· Africa	12.6	8.5–17.5	7	1,867	87.9	<0.0001	0.703
By level of human development index									57.6	<0.0001
· Very high	45.4	38.7–52.3	18	10,498	97.8	<0.0001	0.120	<0.0001
· High	41.9	35.5–48.3	22	5,032	95.0	<0.0001	0.760
· Medium	21.1	16.6–26.0	23	26,006	98.5	<0.0001	0.015
· Low	13.2	8.2–19.4	6	1,523	89.8	<0.0001	0.092
By endemic status									24.5	0.0001
· Endemic area	22.8	18.5–27.3	33	28,605	98.5	<0.0001	0.002	<0.0001
· Non-endemic area	42.8	38.1–47.6	36	14,454	96.8	<0.0001	0.205
By surgery valvular intervention status									3.9	0.025
· Before valvular intervention	28.4	22.7–34.4	40	27,690	99.0	<0.0001	0.0005	0.026
· After valvular intervention	39.3	31.8–47.0	29	15,369	98.8	<0.0001	0.008
*Type of valvular interventions*
- Valve replacement	60.3	48.6–71.5	4	603	87.0	<0.0001	0.701	0.0001
- Valvuloplasty	39.5	30.6–48.8	10	3,122	95.7	<0.0001	0.503
- Valvulotomy	28.2	19.8–37.3	11	9,467	98.5	<0.0001	0.107
By age group									35.0	<0.0001
· Children and adolescents	7.6	1.9–16.8	2	496	87.8	0.004	NA	<0.0001
· Children, adolescents, and adults	20.5	14.2–27.5	15	23,609	99.2	<0.0001	0.073
· Adolescents and adults	26.2	17.3–36.3	6	1,774	94.2	<0.0001	0.027
· Adults	39.7	34.4–45.1	46	17,180	98.0	<0.0001	0.021
By study period									7.0	0.026
· Before 2000	38.2	30.2–46.5	35	27,825	99.4	<0.0001	< 0.0001	0.022
· 2000 or after	27.3	22.7–32.2	34	15,234	97.4	<0.0001	0.196

R²: amount of heterogeneity accounted for; NA: not applicable.

According to WHO regions, the prevalence of AF in patients with RHD varied from 12.6% (95% CI 8.5–17.5) in South-East Asia to 50.1% (43.1–57.1) in Europe, with significant difference between regions (p < 0.0001) (Figure 1 and Table 1). This prevalence increased with the country’s level of development: from 13.2% (8.2–19.4) in less developed countries to 45.4% (38.7–52.3) in the most developed countries; p < 0.0001 (Table 1). The prevalence of AF in RHD was lower in RHD endemic areas (22.8%; 18.5–27.3) compared to non-endemic (42.8%; 38.1–47.6); p < 0.0001 (Table 1). The prevalence increased with age, varying from 7.6% (1.9–16.8) in children and adolescents to 39.7% (34.4–45.1) in adults; p < 0.0001 (Table 1). Studies performed before 2000 (38.2%, 30.2–46.5) reported higher prevalence compared to studies performed in 2000 or after (27.3%, 22.7–32.2) (Table 1).

The global cumulative incidence of AF in patients with RHD was 4.8%, 11.4%, 13.2%, and 30.8% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 years of follow-up, respectively (Figure 2).

Prevalence of AF in patients with RHD according to the clinical presentation

Patients with severe valvular disease (30.8%, 95% CI: 24.0–38.2) had higher prevalence of AF compared to those with mild/moderate disease (20.7%; 17.1–24.6), p = 0.009. The prevalence of AF was higher among patients with severe mitral valve disease (30.4%, 23.6–37.6) compared to those with severe aortic valve disease (6.3%; 0.0–26.9), p = 0.038. AF was more frequent in patients with mixed mitral valve disease (65.6%; 42.5–85.4) compared to those with mitral stenosis (33.9%; 28.5–39.4) or mitral regurgitation (21.6%; 7.8–39.7), p = 0.011. The prevalence of AF was not significantly different between patients with various forms of aortic valve disease (Table 2). The prevalence of AF in patients who had a valvular intervention (39.3%; 31.8–47.0) was higher compared to patients who did not (28.4%; 22.7–34.4); p = 0.026 (Table 1). Among patients who had a valvular intervention, those who had a surgical valve replacement (60.3%, 48.6–71.5) had higher prevalence of AF compared to those who had a valvuloplasty (39.5%, 30.6–48.8) or a valvulotomy (28.2%, 19.8–37.3); p = 0.0001 (Supplementary Figure 4).

Table 2

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the global population with rheumatic heart disease according to clinical presentation.

	Prevalence, %	95% Confidence interval	N Studies	N Participants	Heterogeneity		P Egger test	P value comparison

					I², %	P value

Severity overall
· Severe valvular disease	30.8	24.0–38.2	32	14,049	98.6	<0.0001	0.027	0.009
· Moderate/mild valvular disease	20.7	17.1–24.6	1	454	NA	NA	NA
Severe valvular disease by valve
· Severe mitral disease	30.4	23.6–37.6	18	3,627	94.7	<0.0001	0.165	0.038
· Severe aortic disease	6.3	0.0–26.9	2	39	60.5	0.112	NA
Mitral valve disease
· Mixed mitral disease	65.6	42.5–85.4	4	449	94.7	<0.0001	0.461	0.011
· Mitral stenosis	33.9	28.5–39.4	42	17,221	98.1	<0.0001	0.005
· Mitral regurgitation	21.6	7.8–39.7	6	880	96.6	<0.0001	0.528
Aortic valve disease
· Mixed aortic disease	3.6	0.8–8.1	1	110	NA	NA	NA	0.694
· Aortic stenosis	5.0	0.0–20.2	1	20	NA	NA	NA
· Aortic regurgitation	5.8	0.6–14.4	3	180	58.3	0.091	0.398

NA: not applicable.

Correlates of AF in patients with RHD

In this analysis including 18 studies, we included 1,334 with AF and 2,591 without AF (controls). Patients with AF had higher age compared to those without (MD: 9.5 years; 95% CI: 7.8–11.3; I²: 76.5%) (Figure 3), while there was no sex difference (Supplementary Figure 5). Having AF was associated with more advanced stages of heart failure (New York Heart Association classification stage 3 or 4) (OR: 4.4; 95% CI 2.1–9.3; I²: 82.5%) (Figure 3), higher tricuspid valve involvement (OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 3.0–5.3; I²: 0.0%) and history of previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 3.4–11.4; I²: 0.0%) (Figure 3). Patients with AF had higher concentration of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (MD: 5.5 mg/dL; 95% CI: 1.2–9.8; I²: 90.0%) (Figure 3), of N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (MD: 45.0 pg/mL; 95% CI: 28.8–61.2) (Supplementary Figure 6) and of interleukin-6 (p = 0.05) [] than those without AF. Systolic pulmonary arterial pressure was higher in patients with AF (MD: 3.6 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.8–6.3; I²: 62.0%) (Figure 4) while there was no difference for diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure (Supplementary Figure 7) and for both left ventricle end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters (Supplementary Figures 8 and 9). Patients with AF had higher right atrium pressure (MD: 1.5 mmHg; 95% CI: 1.0–2.0; I²: 0.0%) and higher left atrium diameter (MD: 8.1 mm; 95% CI: 5.5–10.7; I²: 97.3%) (Figure 4); whereas they had lower mitral valve area (MD: -0.1; 95% CI: -0.2–0.0; I²: 88.3%) (Supplementary Figure 10) and left ventricle ejection fraction (MD: -2.2; 95% CI: -3.9–-0.5; I²: 88.3%) (Figure 4) compared to those without AF.

Figure 3

Panel A. Comparison of mean age between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel B. Comparison of tricuspid valve involvement between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel C. Comparison of previous cerebrovascular event* between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel D. Comparison of advanced heart failure** between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel E. Highly sensitive C reactive protein concentration (mg/dL).

Figure 4

Panel A. Comparison of systolic pulmonary artery pressure between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel B. Comparison of right atrium pressure between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel C. Comparison of left atrium diameter between RHD patients with and without AF; Panel D. Comparison of left ventricle ejection fraction between RHD patients with and without AF.

Only one study reported multivariate data on potential correlates of AF in patients with RHD. The independent correlates of AF included age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.25, p = 0.002), left ventricle systolic ejection fraction (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.87–0.97, p = 0.003), left atrium strain (OR = 7.53, 95% CI 4.47–12.69 p < 0.001), and right atrial pressure (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.17, p = 0.01) [].

Discussion

AF is a major complication of RHD, and a predictor of adverse outcomes such as stroke, peripheral embolism, heart failure and death []. This review shows that AF is very prevalent in RHD patients, affecting about one-third of them. Its incidence increases over time from ~5% at one year following diagnosis of RHD, to ~13% and ~31% at 5 years and 10 years, respectively. This prevalence of AF appears to be higher in RHD than in some other structural heart diseases such as cardiomyopathies. For instance, in a recent review, we estimated that AF affects 20%–25% of patients with dilated, hypertrophic and ischemic cardiomyopathies. In sub-Saharan Africa for instance, rheumatic heart disease is one of the leading causes of AF, reported in 20%–35% of cases in most series [].

The prevalence of AF in RHD increases with the country’s development index; it is lowest in Africa and South-East Asia, where RHD is endemic. This is a striking finding which needs further investigation. Indeed, based on the results of studies done in the general population, there is a belief that AF is less frequent in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions []. However, this prevalence is probably underestimated as many cases of paroxysmal AF are missed by a single 12-lead electrocardiography, in these resource-restrained settings where Holter electrocardiography is only available in few tertiary care facilities []. In addition, in the absence of universal health coverage in most of these countries, 12-lead electrocardiography cannot always be repeated when necessary due to unaffordability. In this perspective, this presumed low detection rate of AF in RHD patients in developing countries is concerning, because undiagnosed AF is a missed opportunity for treatment and prevention of complications. However, further studies are needed to explore the reasons explaining the association between country human development index, geographic localization and the prevalence of AF in RHD patients as shown in this study.

This review shows that age is the most consistent correlates of AF across studies. We found that the prevalence of AF was higher in adults compared to children, and that the mean age of RHD patients with AF was higher than that of patients in sinus rhythm. Ageing is known as the strongest risk factor for AF in the general population, with the prevalence of AF increasing from 2% to 5% and 10% in people aged ≥ 40 years, ≥ 65 years, and ≥ 80 years, respectively []. Specifically, the association of increased prevalence of AF with age in RHD patients can be attributed to age-related increment in the severity of valvular lesions and a longer duration of inflammatory processes leading to increased chambers remodeling and eventually higher rates of AF. This is coupled with the AF risk inherent to ageing per se and to other co-morbidities. Indeed, although only demonstrated in one study, classic risk factors for AF such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and high BMI were significantly associated with AF in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis [].

Chronic inflammation is central in the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. During acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune response to untreated group A streptococcal pharyngitis causes inflammation and subsequently fibrosis of the heart valves. An association between inflammation and AF has been established []. The inflammation in the context of rheumatic carditis is therefore thought to be directly involved in the occurrence of AF in RHD [, , ]. This is suggested by inflammatory changes in rheumatic valve tissue and elevated plasma levels of CRP and circulating adhesion molecules in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis [, , ]. AF might result from the myocardial disarrays caused by inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the atrial conduction system []. Few inflammatory markers including IL-6 and Hs-CRP correlate well with the presence of AF [, , ], and therefore have a potential clinical utility in AF prediction in patients with RHD, especially paroxysmal AF. NT-proBNP, a surrogate of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, has also been identified as a possible predictor of AF but with a much lower correlation [].

Left atrium enlargement (LAE) was associated with AF in our unadjusted data meta-analysis, and was an established independent predictor in multivariate analysis in several individual studies. In their study, Kim et al. found that left atrial dimension ≥ 47 mm predicted new-onset AF, as well as the composite of incident AF, systemic embolism and all-cause mortality in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm []. Furthermore, a study suggested that LAE is associated with anticoagulation failure in AF patients with ischemic stroke []. All these data support the practice of anticoagulation in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm but with left atrial diameter ≥ 50 mm or left atrial thrombus []. AF was more frequent in severe RHD disease, and consequently more in patients who had a valvular intervention as those patients had severe disease. Moreover, the prevalence of AF was much higher in mitral valve disease compared to aortic valve disease, because mitral valve disease, especially stenosis, directly causes LAE and subsequently AF.

The association of AF with advanced heart failure as indicated by NYHA III/IV functional classes is in keeping with the fact that AF is in one hand a factor of progression or decompensation to heart failure, and in the other hand a complication of heart failure in general and specifically in RHD []. Furthermore, for most hemodynamic parameters there was no significant difference between patients with AF and those in sinus rhythm. This is consistent with the idea that the poorer effort tolerance in patients with AF might be mainly due to an increase in ventricular rate and left atrial pressure during exercise [].

The high incidence of AF in patients with RHD, and mainly those with rheumatic mitral stenosis, highlights the need for guidelines on the timing of clinical and electrocardiographic screening of AF in this population. Furthermore, because the duration of AF reduces the chances of sustained cardioversion success [], a predictive tool to identify patients at high risk of developing AF might help in early detection and treatment. The likelihood of developing AF might also be considered in decision-making regarding the appropriate time of valvular intervention in patients with RHD [, , ]. Indeed, a recent study in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation indicated that detection of AF, even paroxysmal, should trigger prompt consideration for surgery [].

The high prevalence of AF in RHD patients emphasizes the high need for oral anticoagulation in this population. Oral anticoagulants have proven efficacy in preventing systemic stroke and peripheral embolism. Unfortunately, the uptake of anticoagulation by eligible RHD patients is suboptimal. For instance, the proportion of eligible patients receiving oral anticoagulants was 70% in the REMEDY study [] and 77.8% in the HP-RHD registry []. Furthermore, according to the REMEDY study baseline data, only 37% of RHD patients with AF and on warfarin had 1–3 INR tests done in the last 6 months and 22.2% had a therapeutic INR (2.0–3.0 range) at enrollment []. However, the utilization of oral anticoagulant is higher in rheumatic valvular AF compared to non-valvular AF as reported in the RELY-AF registry where 58% of eligible patients were on warfarin [].

This study has few limitations. There was marked heterogeneity across studies; we found that this heterogeneity was mainly explained by countries’ level of development, distribution across WHO regions, age groups, and RHD endemic profile of the countries. There was likely an underestimation of paroxysmal AF as most of the studies used a single 12-lead ECG recording. Furthermore, the data to estimate the incidence of AF in patients with RHD only came from few studies, limiting the accuracy of these estimates. Finally, our meta-analysis of the correlates of AF in RHD included unadjusted data. Therefore, confounders were not excluded, except in one study in which regression analysis was performed. Nevertheless, this study is the first to provide a comprehensive summary and estimation of the prevalence and incidence of AF in the patients with RHD, and to explore its correlates using strong statistical methods.

Conclusion

This study shows that about one-third of patients with RHD have AF, with an incidence which almost triple every five years after diagnosis. The main correlates of AF include age, mitral valve disease, especially in the presence of associated tricuspid involvement, left atrium enlargement, right atrium pressure, and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure. AF is also associated with advanced heart failure and thromboembolism in patients with RHD. These findings call for guidelines on the timing of clinical and electrocardiographic screening of AF in this population, and for improved utilization of oral anticoagulation in those with AF. Furthermore, a predictive tool to identify patients at high risk of developing AF might help for early detection and treatment, as well as for decision-making regarding timing for valvular intervention.

Data Accessibility Statemnt

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Additional Files

The additional files for this article can be found as follows:

Supplementary Table 1

Search strategy in EMBASE. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s1

Supplementary Table 2

Summarized study characteristics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s2

Supplementary Table 3

Individual characteristics of included studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s3

Supplementary Table 4

MOOSE checklist. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s4

Supplementary Figure 1

Studies selection. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s5

Supplementary Figure 2

Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis of the global prevalence of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s6

Supplementary Figure 3

Funnel plot for publication bias. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s7

Supplementary Figure 4

Meta-analysis of the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients in rheumatic heart disease who had valvular interventions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s8

Supplementary Figure 5

Comparison of proportion of female sex between patients with and without atrial fibrillation in RHD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s9

Supplementary Figure 6

Comparison N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide concentration between patients with and without atrial fibrillation in RHD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s10

Supplementary Figure 7

Comparison of mean diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure (mmHg) between patients with and without atrial fibrillation in RHD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s11

Supplementary Figure 8

Comparison of left ventricle end-systolic diameter between patients with and without atrial fibrillation in RHD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s12

Supplementary Figure 9

Comparison of left ventricle end-diastolic diameter between patients with and without atrial fibrillation in RHD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s13

Supplementary Figure 10

Comparison of mitral valve area (cm²) between patients with and without atrial fibrillation in RHD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.807.s14

Competing Interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Author Contributions

Conception and Design: JJN. Search strategy: JJN, JJB. Studies selection: JJN, JJB. Data extraction: JJN, JJB, UFN, ALN, JRN, AN. Data synthesis: JJB, JJN. Data interpretation: JJN, JJB. Manuscript drafting: JJN, JJB. Manuscript revision: JJN, JJB, UFN, ALN, JRN, AN. Approval of the final manuscript: JJN, JJB, UFN, ALN, JRN, AN. Guarantor of the review: JJN.

References

Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2012; 379: 953–964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9
Naghavi M, Wang HD, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang XF, Zhou MG, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 385: 117–171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
Horstkotte D, Niehues R, Strauer BE. Pathomorphological aspects, aetiology, and natural history of acquired mitral valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 1991; 12(Suppl B): 55–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/12.suppl_B.55
Leon MN, Harrell LC, Simosa HF, et al. Mitral balloon valvotomy for patients with mitral stenosis in atrial fibrillation: Immediate and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 1145–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00310-1
Nair KK, Pillai HS, Thajudeen A, et al. Immediate and long-term results following balloon mitral valvotomy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol. 2012; 35: E35–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22068
Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1994; 90: 830–837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.830
Alexiou C, Doukas G, et al. The effect of preoperative atrial fibrillation on survival following mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007; 31: 586–591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.12.039
Kim HJ, Cho GY, Kim YJ, Kim HK, Lee SP, Kim HL, et al. Development of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease in sinus rhythm. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015; 31: 735–742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-015-0613-2
Ozaydin M, Turker Y, Varol E, Alaca S, Erdogan D, Yilmaz N, et al. Factors associated with the development of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 26(5): 547–552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-010-9609-0
Pourafkari L, Ghaffari S, Bancroft GR, Tajlil A, Nader ND. Factors associated with atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2015; 23(1): 17–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0218492314530134
Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, et al. Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence. In Aromataris E & Munn Z (Eds.) Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual. Adelaide, South Australia: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017; 5.1–5.5.11.
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000; 283(15): 2008–2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, et al. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016; 75: 40–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021
Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, et al. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 2015; 13: 147–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054
Barendregt JJ, Doi SA, Lee YY, et al. Meta-analysis of prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013; 67: 974–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203104
Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics. 1954; 10: 101–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001666
Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine. 2002; 21: 1539–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1997; 315: 629–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
Seagroatt V, Stratton I. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Test had 10% false positive rate. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1998; 316: 470–1.
DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2015; 45: 139–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.002
Abbas S, Riaz W, Khan JF, Nassery S, Iqbal M, Waheed A. Amiodarone vs digoxin in the treatment of atrial fibrillation in postoperative rheumatic cardiac valvular patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016; 66(9):1098–1101.
De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, Tizzano F, Petraio A, Amarelli C, et al. Mitral mechanical replacement in young rheumatic women: Analysis of long-term survival, valve-related complications, and pregnancy outcomes over a 3,707-patient-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 130(1): 13–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.11.032
Lin SL, Hsu TL, Liou JY, Chen CH, Chang MS, Chiang HT, et al. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of left atrial thrombi in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Echocardiography. Mar 1992; 9(2): 161–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1992.tb00454.x
Ozkan M, Kaymaz C, Kirma C, Civelek A, Cenal AR, Yakut C, et al. Correlates of left atrial thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast in rheumatic valve disease before and after mitral valve replacement. Am J Cardiol. 1 Nov 1998; 82(9): 1066–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00556-6
Chen CR, Cheng TO, Chen JY, Huang YG, Huang T, Zhang B. Long-term results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis: A follow-up study to 11 years in 202 patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. Feb 1998; 43(2): 132–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199802)43:2<132::AID-CCD5>3.0.CO;2-B
Cruz-Gonzalez I, Jneid H, Sanchez-Ledesma M, Cubeddu RJ, Martin-Moreiras J, Rengifo-Moreno P, et al. Difference in outcome among women and men after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 1 Jan 2011; 77(1): 115–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22721
Esteves WAM, Lodi-Junqueira L, Soares JR, Sant’Anna Athayde GR, Goebel GA, Carvalho LA, et al. Impact of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty on left ventricular function in patients with mitral stenosis assessed by 3D echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 1 Dec 2017; 248: 280–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.078
Kim D, Chung H, Nam J-H, Park DH, Shim CY, Kim J-S, et al. Correlates of long-term outcomes of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Yonsei Med J. 1 Mar 2018; 59(2): 273–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.273
Lim E, Barlow CW, Hosseinpour AR, Wisbey C, Wilson K, Pidgeon W, et al. Influence of atrial fibrillation on outcome following mitral valve repair. Circulation. 18 Sep 2001; 104(12 Suppl 1): I59–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hc37t1.094813
Ostovan M, Aslani A, Abounajmi S, Razazi V. Mitral valve restenosis after percutaneous transmitral valvuloplasty, role of continuous inflammation. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2014; 6(3): 191–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2014.010
Ranganayakulu KP, Rajasekhar D, Vanajakshamma V, Santosh Kumar C, Vasudeva Chetty P. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide, a surrogate biomarker of combined clinical and hemodynamic outcomes following percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. J Saudi Heart Assoc. Apr 2016; 28(2): 81–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsha.2015.07.002
Sancho M, Medina A, Suárez de Lezo J, Hernandez E, Pan M, Coello I, et al. Factors influencing progression of mitral regurgitation after transarterial balloon valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 15 Sep 1990; 66(7): 737–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)91140-2
Shang YP, Lai L, Chen J, Zhang F, Wang X. Effects of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in rheumatic mitral stenosis with and without atrial fibrillation. J Heart Valve Dis. Jul 2005; 14(4): 453–9.
Tomai F, Gaspardone A, Versaci F, Ghini AS, Altamura L, De Luca L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up after successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a large contemporary series of patients with mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 20 Dec 2014; 177(3): 881–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.040
Guteta S, Yadeta D, Azazh A, Mekonnen D. Cardiac surgery for valvular heart disease at a referral hospital in ethiopia: A review of cases operated in the last 30 years. Ethiop Med J. Apr 2016; 54(2): 49–55.
Russell EA, Tran L, Baker RA, Bennetts JS, Brown A, Reid CM, et al. A review of outcome following valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease in Australia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 23 Sep 2015; 15: 103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-015-0094-1
Adhikari CM, Malla R, Rajbhandari R, Shakya U, Sharma P, Shrestha N, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in juvenile mitral stenosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. Feb 2016; 6(1): 20–4.
Augestad KM, Martyshova K, Martyshov S, Foederov B, Lie M. Tidsskr Den Nor Laegeforening Tidsskr Prakt Med Ny Raekke. [Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Northwest Russia]. 20 Apr 1999; 119(10): 1456–9.
Bouleti C, Iung B, Himbert D, Messika-Zeitoun D, Brochet E, Garbarz E, et al. Relationship between valve calcification and long-term results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy for rheumatic mitral stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. Jun 2014; 7(3): 381–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000858
Hernández Antolín RA, Macaya de Miguel C, Bañuelos de Lucas C, Alfonso Manterola F, Goicolea Ruigómez J, Iñíguez Romo A, et al. [Percutaneous mitral valvotomy. The experience of the Hospital Universitario San Carlos of Madrid]. Rev Esp Cardiol. Jun1993; 46(6): 352–63.
Mahmoud Elsayed HM, Hassan M, Nagy M, Amin A, Elguindy A, Wagdy K, et al. A novel method to measure mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: Feasibility and validation. Echocardiogr Mt Kisco N. 2018; 35(3): 368–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.13786
Malik A, Khan RA, Ali Shah SM, Awan AA, Aslam S, Rehman K. Should we say good bye to closed mitral commissurotomy in our setup. J Postgrad Med Inst. Apr 2005; 19(2): 144–8.
Rajbhandari R, Kc MB, Bhatta Y, Regmi S, Malla R, Rajbhandari S, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Nepal Med Coll J NMCJ. Sep 2006; 8(3): 182–4.
Sharma J, Goel PK, Pandey CM, Awasthi A, Kapoor A, Tewari S, et al. Intermediate outcomes of rheumatic mitral stenosis post-balloon mitral valvotomy. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. Oct 2015; 23(8): 923–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0218492315598240
Souza LR, Brandão CM de A, Pomerantzeff PMA, Leite Filho OA, Cardoso LF, Stolf NAG. Long-term evolution of mitral commissurotomy in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc Orgao Of Soc Bras Cir Cardiovasc. Sep 2011; 26(3): 380–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20110012
Srimahachota S, Boonyaratavej S, Wannakrairoj M, Udayachalerm W, Sangwattanaroj S, Ngarmukos P, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: Hemodynamic and initial outcome differences between atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in rheumatic mitral stenosis patients. J Med Assoc Thai. May 2001; 84(5): 674–80.
Choudhary SK, Dhareshwar J, Govil A, Airan B, Kumar AS. Open mitral commissurotomy in the current era: Indications, technique, and results. Ann Thorac Surg. Jan 2003; 75(1): 41–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04276-5
Luo T, Han J, Meng X. Features of rheumatic mitral valves and a grading system to identify suitable repair cases in China. J Thorac Dis. Sep 2017; 9(9): 3138–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.08.121
Russell EA, Walsh WF, Tran L, Tam R, Reid CM, Brown A, et al. The burden and implications of preoperative atrial fibrillation in Australian heart valve surgery patients. Int J Cardiol. 15 Jan 2017; 227: 100–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.070
Sarralde JA, Bernal JM, Llorca J, Pontón A, Diez-Solorzano L, Giménez-Rico JR, et al. Repair of rheumatic tricuspid valve disease: Correlates of very long-term mortality and reoperation. Ann Thorac Surg. Aug 2010; 90(2): 503–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.105
Acartürk E, Usal A, Demir M, Akgül F, Ozeren A. Thromboembolism risk in patients with mitral stenosis. Jpn Heart J. Sep 1997; 38(5): 669–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.38.669
Adhikari KP, Malla R, Limbu D, Rauniyar BK, Regmi S, Hirachan A, et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients attending emergency department of Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Heart J. 12 Feb 2016; 13(1): 1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njh.v13i1.14536
Arora R, Kalra GS, Murty GS, Trehan V, Jolly N, Mohan JC, et al. Percutaneous transatrial mitral commissurotomy: Immediate and intermediate results. J Am Coll Cardiol. May 1994; 23(6): 1327–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)90374-3
Behra SS, Anil Kumar AVS, Singh H, Satyanand K. To study the prevalence of arrhythmias in valvular heart disease and their correlation with echocardiographic variables. J Clin Diagn Res. Nov 2018; 12(11): 12–9.
Boonyasirinant T, Phankinthongkum R, Komoltri C. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters and score for the left atrial thrombus formation prediction in the patients with mitral stenosis. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. Nov 2007; 90 (suppl 2): 9–18.
Boyarchuk O, Hariyan T, Kovalchuk T. Clinical features of rheumatic heart disease in children and adults in Western Ukraine. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2019; 18(1): 87–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39556
Chockalingam A, Gnanavelu G, Elangovan S, Chockalingam V. Clinical spectrum of chronic rheumatic heart disease in India. J Heart Valve Dis. Sep 2003; 12(5): 577–81.
Chu PH, Chiang CW, Hsu LA, Lin KH, Cheng NJ, Kuo CT. Low prevalence of coronary arterial disease in Chinese adults with mitral stenosis. Chang Gung Med J. Feb 2001; 24(2): 97–102.
Diker E, Aydogdu S, Ozdemir M, Kural T, Polat K, Cehreli S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic valvular heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1 Jan 1996; 77(1): 96–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89145-X
Doukky R, Abusin SA, Bayissa YA, Kelly RF, Ansari AH. Rheumatic heart disease in modern urban America: A cohort study of immigrant and indigenous patients in Chicago. Int J Cardiol. 15 Jul 2014; 175(1): 178–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.207
Drighil A, Ghellab D, Mathewson JW, Ouarga L, Alalou H, Azzouzi L. Immediate impact of successful percutaneous mitral valve commissurotomy on echocardiographic measures of right ventricular contractility. J Am Soc Echocardiogr Off Publ Am Soc Echocardiogr. Nov 2012; 25(11): 1245–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2012.08.010
Fawzy ME, Shoukri M, Fadel B, Badr A, Al Ghamdi A, Canver C. Long-term (up to 18 years) clinical and echocardiographic results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty in 531 consecutive patients and correlates of outcome. Cardiology. 2009; 113(3): 213–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000201992
Gamra H, Betbout F, Ben Hamda K, Addad F, Maatouk F, Dridi Z, et al. Balloon mitral commissurotomy in juvenile rheumatic mitral stenosis: A ten-year clinical and echocardiographic actuarial results. Eur Heart J. Jul 2003; 24(14): 1349–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00257-4
Goswami KC, Yadav R, Bahl VK. Correlates of left atrial appendage clot: A transesophageal echocardiographic study of left atrial appendage function in patients with severe mitral stenosis. Indian Heart J. Dec 2004; 56(6): 628–35.
Goswami KC, Yadav R, Rao MB, Bahl VK, Talwar KK, Manchanda SC. Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of left atrial clot and spontaneous echo contrast in patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis: A prospective study in 200 patients by transesophageal echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 31 May 2000; 73(3): 273–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00235-7
Hung JS, Chern MS, Wu JJ, Fu M, Yeh KH, Wu YC, et al. Short- and long-term results of catheter balloon percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Am J Cardiol. 15 Apr 1991; 67(9): 854–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90619-V
Islam A, Azhar MA, Islam MF, Haque MZ, Yeasmin L. A clinical study on the pattern of mitral valvular disease in a peripheral tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Cardiovasc J. 2010; 3(1): 11–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v3i1.6421
López-Meneses M, Martínez Ríos MA, Vargas Barrón J, Reyes Corona J, Sánchez F. Ten-year clinical and echocardiographic follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral commissurotomy with Inoue balloon. Arch Cardiol Mex. Mar 2009; 79(1): 5–10.
Iung B, Nicoud-Houel A, Fondard O, Hafid Akoudad null, Haghighat T, Brochet E, et al. Temporal trends in percutaneous mitral commissurotomy over a 15-year period. Eur Heart J. Apr 2004; 25(8): 701–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.026
Melka A. Rheumatic heart disease in Gondar College of Medial Sciences Teaching Hospital: Socio-demographic and clinical profile. Ethiop Med J. Oct 1996; 34(4): 207–16.
Mrozowska E, Krzemińska-Pakuła M, Rogowski W, Musiał WJ, Zasłonka J. [Atrial fibrillation in mitral valve disease—Risk factors]. Pol Arch Med Wewn. Jan 1999; 101(1): 45–53.
Negi PC, Mahajan K, Rana V, Sondhi S, Mahajan N, Rathour S, et al. Clinical characteristics, complications, and treatment practices in patients with RHD: 6-year results from HP-RHD registry. Glob Heart. 2018; 13(4): 267–274.e2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2018.06.001
Okello E, Wanzhu Z, Musoke C, Twalib A, Kakande B, Lwabi P, et al. Cardiovascular complications in newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Cardiovasc J Afr. Apr 2013; 24(3): 80–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0451-8
Okello E, Longenecker CT, Beaton A, Kamya MR, Lwabi P. Rheumatic heart disease in Uganda: Correlates of morbidity and mortality one year after presentation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017; 17(1): 20.
Okubo S, Nagata S, Masuda Y, Kawazoe K, Atobe M, Manabe H. Clinical features of rheumatic heart disease in Bangladesh. Jpn Circ J. Dec 1984; 48(12): 1345–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.48.1345
Pourafkari L, Baghbani-Oskouei A, Aslanabadi N, Tajlil A, Ghaffari S, Sadigh AM, et al. Fine versus coarse atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis: The impact of aging and the clinical significance. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol Off J Int Soc Holter Noninvasive Electrocardiol Inc. 2018; 23(4): e12540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12540
Sharma SK, Verma SH. A clinical evaluation of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease. J Assoc Physicians India. Jun 2015; 63(6): 22–5.
Shimada S. A 13-year follow-up study of rheumatic valvular diseases. Jpn Circ J. Dec 1986; 50(12): 1304–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.50.1304
Sims JB, Roberts WC. Comparison of findings in patients with versus without atrial fibrillation just before isolated mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral stenosis (with or without associated mitral regurgitation). Am J Cardiol. 1 Apr 2006; 97(7): 1035–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.023
Sliwa K, Mocumbi AO. Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa. Clin Res Cardiol Off J Ger Card Soc. Feb 2010; 99(2): 65–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1
Tadele H, Mekonnen W, Tefera E. Rheumatic mitral stenosis in children: More accelerated course in sub-Saharan patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 1 Nov 2013; 13: 95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-95
Vijayvergiya R, Sharma R, Shetty R, Subramaniyan A, Karna S, Chongtham D. Effect of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy on left atrial appendage function: An immediate and 6-month follow-up transesophageal Doppler study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr Off Publ Am Soc Echocardiogr. Nov 2011; 24(11): 1260–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2011.07.015
Yadeta D, Semeredin N, Mekonnen GE. Prevalence and correlates of atrial fibrillation and its embolic complications in patients with rheumatic heart disease at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2019; 33(1): 12–16.
Zhang W, Mondo C, Okello E, Musoke C, Kakande B, Nyakoojo W, et al. Presenting features of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients in Mulago Hospital: A pilot study. Cardiovasc J Afr. Mar 2013; 24(2): 28–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-076
Zhou Z, Hu D. An epidemiological study on the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the Chinese population of mainland China. J Epidemiol. 2008; 18(5): 209–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE2008021
Zühlke L, Karthikeyan G, Engel ME, Rangarajan S, Mackie P, Cupido-Katya Mauff B, et al. Clinical outcomes in 3,343 children and adults with rheumatic heart disease from 14 low- and middle-income countries: Two-year follow-up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY Study). Circulation. 8 Nov 2016; 134(19): 1456–1466.
Buyukkaya S, Buyukkaya E, Arslan S, Aksakal E, Sevimli S, Gundogdu F, et al. Evaluation of left ventricular long-axis function in cases of rheumatic pure mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008; 35(1): 22–7.
Kabukçu M, Arslantas E, Ates I, Demircioglu F, Ersel F. Clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation. Angiology. Mar–Apr 2005; 56(2): 159–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000331970505600206
Ancona R, Comenale Pinto S, Caso P, Di Salvo G, Severino S, D’Andrea A, et al. Two-dimensional atrial systolic strain imaging predicts atrial fibrillation at 4-year follow-up in asymptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Mar 2013; 26(3): 270–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2012.11.016
Keren G, Etzion T, Sherez J, Zelcer AA, Megidish R, Miller HI, et al. Atrial fibrillation and atrial enlargement in patients with mitral stenosis. Am Heart J. Nov 1987; 114(5): 1146–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(87)90190-6
Krishnamoorthy KM, Dash PK. Prediction of atrial fibrillation in patients with severe mitral stenosis—Role of atrial contribution to ventricular filling. Scand Cardiovasc J. Dec 2003; 37(6): 344–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14017430310015893
Sabry AM, Mansour HAE, Abo El-Azm TH, Mostafa SA, Zahid BS. Echocardiographic correlates of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve replacement. Egypt Heart J. Dec 2017; 69(4): 281–288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2017.07.002
Sharma G, Shetkar S, Bhasin A, Ramakrishnan L, Juneja R, Naik N, et al. High sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in atrial fibrillation with rheumatic mitral stenosis from Indian cohort. Indian Heart J. Jul–Aug 2017; 69(4): 505–511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2016.12.006
Probst P, Goldschlager N, Selzer A. Left atrial size and atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis. Factors influencing their relationship. Circulation. Dec 1973; 48(6): 1282–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.48.6.1282
Henry WL, Morganroth J, Pearlman AS, Clark CE, Redwood DR, Itscoitz SB, et al. Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. Feb 1976; 53(2): 273–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.53.2.273
Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Ling LH, Scott CG, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: Determinants and long-term outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 3 Jul 2002; 40(1): 84–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01922-8
Selcuk MT, Selcuk H, Maden O, Temizhan A, Aksu T, Dogan M, et al. Relationship between inflammation and atrial fibrillation in patients with isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis. Sep 2007; 16(5): 468–74.
Alessandri N, Tufano F, Petrassi M, Alessandri C, Di Cristofano C, Della Rocca C, et al. Atrial fibrillation in pure rheumatic mitral valvular disease is expression of an atrial histological change. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Nov–Dec 2009; 13(6): 431–42.
Duran NE, Duran I, Sönmez K, Gençbay M, Akçay A, Turan F. Frequency and correlates of atrial fibrillation in severe mitral regurgitation. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. Jun 2003; 3(2): 129–34.
Khatouri A, Elyounassi B, Kendoussi M, Moyoupa C, Fall PD, Bahji M, et al. Predictive factors of atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis. Clinical and echocardiographic study. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). Oct 1999; 48(8): 569–73.
Unverferth DV, Fertel RH, Unverferth BJ, Leier CV. Atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis: Histologic, hemodynamic, and metabolic factors. Int J Cardiol. Feb 1984; 5(2): 143–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(84)90137-2
Noubiap JJ, Bigna JJ, Agbor VN, Mbanga C, Ndoadoumgue AL, Nkeck JR, et al. Meta-analysis of atrial fibrillation in patients with various cardiomyopathies. Am J Cardiol. 15 Jul 2019; 124(2): 262–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.04.028
Stambler BS, Ngunga LM. Atrial fibrillation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Epidemiology, unmet needs, and treatment options. Int J Gen Med. 31 Jul 2015; 8: 231–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S84537
Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Sholtz W, Chin A, Nel G, Anzouan-Kacou JB, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in Africa: Epidemiology, management challenges, and perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73(1): 100–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.084
Lip GY, Fauchier L, Freedman SB, Van Gelder I, Natale A, Gianni C, et al. Atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016; 2: 16016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.16
Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, Houghtaling PL, Rautaharju P, Kronmal RA, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 16 Dec 2003; 108(24): 3006–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000103131.70301.4F
Chiu-Braga YY, Hayashi SY, Schafranski M, Messias-Reason IJ. Further evidence of inflammation in chronic rheumatic valve disease (CRVD): High levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Int J Cardiol. 10 May 2006; 109(2): 275–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.04.030
Gölbasi Z, Uçar O, Keles T, Sahin A, Cagli K, Camsari A, et al. Increased levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with chronic rheumatic valve disease: Evidence of ongoing inflammation. Eur J Heart Fail. Oct 2002; 4(5): 593–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00102-2
Yetkin E, Erbay AR, Ileri M, Turhan H, Balci M, Cehreli S, et al. Levels of circulating adhesion molecules in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 15 Nov 2001; 88(10): 1209–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02067-7
Dakay K, Chang AD, Hemendinger M, Cutting S, McTaggart RA, Jayaraman MV, et al. Left atrial enlargement and anticoagulation status in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. Jan 2018; 27(1): 192–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.08.025
Anter E, Jessup M, Callans DJ. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: Treatment considerations for a dual epidemic. Circulation. 12 May 2009; 119(18): 2516–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821306
Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Tieleman RG. Chronic atrial fibrillation. Success of serial cardioversion therapy and safety of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156(22): 2585–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440210109011
Grigioni F, Benfari G, Vanoverschelde JL, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, Bursi F, et al. Long-term implications of atrial fibrillation in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 29 Jan 2019; 73(3): 264–274.
Oldgren J, Healey JS, Ezekowitz M, Commerford P, Avezum A, Pais P, et al. Variations in cause and management of atrial fibrillation in a prospective registry of 15,400 emergency department patients in 46 countries: The RE-LY Atrial Fibrillation Registry. Circulation. 15 Apr 2014; 129(15): 1568–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005451

[B1] Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2012; 379: 953–964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9

[B2] Naghavi M, Wang HD, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang XF, Zhou MG, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 385: 117–171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2

[B3] Horstkotte D, Niehues R, Strauer BE. Pathomorphological aspects, aetiology, and natural history of acquired mitral valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 1991; 12(Suppl B): 55–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/12.suppl_B.55

[B4] Leon MN, Harrell LC, Simosa HF, et al. Mitral balloon valvotomy for patients with mitral stenosis in atrial fibrillation: Immediate and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 1145–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00310-1

[B5] Nair KK, Pillai HS, Thajudeen A, et al. Immediate and long-term results following balloon mitral valvotomy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol. 2012; 35: E35–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22068

[B6] Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 1994; 90: 830–837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.830

[B7] Alexiou C, Doukas G, et al. The effect of preoperative atrial fibrillation on survival following mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007; 31: 586–591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.12.039

[B8] Kim HJ, Cho GY, Kim YJ, Kim HK, Lee SP, Kim HL, et al. Development of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease in sinus rhythm. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015; 31: 735–742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-015-0613-2

[B9] Ozaydin M, Turker Y, Varol E, Alaca S, Erdogan D, Yilmaz N, et al. Factors associated with the development of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010; 26(5): 547–552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-010-9609-0

[B10] Pourafkari L, Ghaffari S, Bancroft GR, Tajlil A, Nader ND. Factors associated with atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2015; 23(1): 17–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0218492314530134

[B11] Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, et al. Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence. In Aromataris E & Munn Z (Eds.) Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer’s manual. Adelaide, South Australia: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017; 5.1–5.5.11.

[B12] Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000; 283(15): 2008–2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.15.2008

[B13] McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, et al. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016; 75: 40–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021

[B14] Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, et al. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 2015; 13: 147–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054

[B15] Barendregt JJ, Doi SA, Lee YY, et al. Meta-analysis of prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013; 67: 974–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-203104

[B16] Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics. 1954; 10: 101–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001666

[B17] Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine. 2002; 21: 1539–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186

[B18] Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1997; 315: 629–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629

[B19] Seagroatt V, Stratton I. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Test had 10% false positive rate. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 1998; 316: 470–1.

[B20] DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemporary Clinical Trials. 2015; 45: 139–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.002

[B21] Abbas S, Riaz W, Khan JF, Nassery S, Iqbal M, Waheed A. Amiodarone vs digoxin in the treatment of atrial fibrillation in postoperative rheumatic cardiac valvular patients. J Pak Med Assoc. 2016; 66(9):1098–1101.

[B22] De Santo LS, Romano G, Della Corte A, Tizzano F, Petraio A, Amarelli C, et al. Mitral mechanical replacement in young rheumatic women: Analysis of long-term survival, valve-related complications, and pregnancy outcomes over a 3,707-patient-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 130(1): 13–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.11.032

[B23] Lin SL, Hsu TL, Liou JY, Chen CH, Chang MS, Chiang HT, et al. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of left atrial thrombi in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Echocardiography. Mar 1992; 9(2): 161–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.1992.tb00454.x

[B24] Ozkan M, Kaymaz C, Kirma C, Civelek A, Cenal AR, Yakut C, et al. Correlates of left atrial thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast in rheumatic valve disease before and after mitral valve replacement. Am J Cardiol. 1 Nov 1998; 82(9): 1066–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00556-6

[B25] Chen CR, Cheng TO, Chen JY, Huang YG, Huang T, Zhang B. Long-term results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis: A follow-up study to 11 years in 202 patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. Feb 1998; 43(2): 132–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199802)43:2<132::AID-CCD5>3.0.CO;2-B

[B26] Cruz-Gonzalez I, Jneid H, Sanchez-Ledesma M, Cubeddu RJ, Martin-Moreiras J, Rengifo-Moreno P, et al. Difference in outcome among women and men after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 1 Jan 2011; 77(1): 115–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.22721

[B27] Esteves WAM, Lodi-Junqueira L, Soares JR, Sant’Anna Athayde GR, Goebel GA, Carvalho LA, et al. Impact of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty on left ventricular function in patients with mitral stenosis assessed by 3D echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 1 Dec 2017; 248: 280–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.078

[B28] Kim D, Chung H, Nam J-H, Park DH, Shim CY, Kim J-S, et al. Correlates of long-term outcomes of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Yonsei Med J. 1 Mar 2018; 59(2): 273–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.273

[B29] Lim E, Barlow CW, Hosseinpour AR, Wisbey C, Wilson K, Pidgeon W, et al. Influence of atrial fibrillation on outcome following mitral valve repair. Circulation. 18 Sep 2001; 104(12 Suppl 1): I59–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/hc37t1.094813

[B30] Ostovan M, Aslani A, Abounajmi S, Razazi V. Mitral valve restenosis after percutaneous transmitral valvuloplasty, role of continuous inflammation. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res. 2014; 6(3): 191–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2014.010

[B31] Ranganayakulu KP, Rajasekhar D, Vanajakshamma V, Santosh Kumar C, Vasudeva Chetty P. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide, a surrogate biomarker of combined clinical and hemodynamic outcomes following percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. J Saudi Heart Assoc. Apr 2016; 28(2): 81–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsha.2015.07.002

[B32] Sancho M, Medina A, Suárez de Lezo J, Hernandez E, Pan M, Coello I, et al. Factors influencing progression of mitral regurgitation after transarterial balloon valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 15 Sep 1990; 66(7): 737–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(90)91140-2

[B33] Shang YP, Lai L, Chen J, Zhang F, Wang X. Effects of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide in rheumatic mitral stenosis with and without atrial fibrillation. J Heart Valve Dis. Jul 2005; 14(4): 453–9.

[B34] Tomai F, Gaspardone A, Versaci F, Ghini AS, Altamura L, De Luca L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up after successful percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a large contemporary series of patients with mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 20 Dec 2014; 177(3): 881–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.040

[B35] Guteta S, Yadeta D, Azazh A, Mekonnen D. Cardiac surgery for valvular heart disease at a referral hospital in ethiopia: A review of cases operated in the last 30 years. Ethiop Med J. Apr 2016; 54(2): 49–55.

[B36] Russell EA, Tran L, Baker RA, Bennetts JS, Brown A, Reid CM, et al. A review of outcome following valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease in Australia. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 23 Sep 2015; 15: 103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-015-0094-1

[B37] Adhikari CM, Malla R, Rajbhandari R, Shakya U, Sharma P, Shrestha N, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in juvenile mitral stenosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. Feb 2016; 6(1): 20–4.

[B38] Augestad KM, Martyshova K, Martyshov S, Foederov B, Lie M. Tidsskr Den Nor Laegeforening Tidsskr Prakt Med Ny Raekke. [Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Northwest Russia]. 20 Apr 1999; 119(10): 1456–9.

[B39] Bouleti C, Iung B, Himbert D, Messika-Zeitoun D, Brochet E, Garbarz E, et al. Relationship between valve calcification and long-term results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy for rheumatic mitral stenosis. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. Jun 2014; 7(3): 381–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000858

[B40] Hernández Antolín RA, Macaya de Miguel C, Bañuelos de Lucas C, Alfonso Manterola F, Goicolea Ruigómez J, Iñíguez Romo A, et al. [Percutaneous mitral valvotomy. The experience of the Hospital Universitario San Carlos of Madrid]. Rev Esp Cardiol. Jun1993; 46(6): 352–63.

[B41] Mahmoud Elsayed HM, Hassan M, Nagy M, Amin A, Elguindy A, Wagdy K, et al. A novel method to measure mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: Feasibility and validation. Echocardiogr Mt Kisco N. 2018; 35(3): 368–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.13786

[B42] Malik A, Khan RA, Ali Shah SM, Awan AA, Aslam S, Rehman K. Should we say good bye to closed mitral commissurotomy in our setup. J Postgrad Med Inst. Apr 2005; 19(2): 144–8.

[B43] Rajbhandari R, Kc MB, Bhatta Y, Regmi S, Malla R, Rajbhandari S, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Nepal Med Coll J NMCJ. Sep 2006; 8(3): 182–4.

[B44] Sharma J, Goel PK, Pandey CM, Awasthi A, Kapoor A, Tewari S, et al. Intermediate outcomes of rheumatic mitral stenosis post-balloon mitral valvotomy. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. Oct 2015; 23(8): 923–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0218492315598240

[B45] Souza LR, Brandão CM de A, Pomerantzeff PMA, Leite Filho OA, Cardoso LF, Stolf NAG. Long-term evolution of mitral commissurotomy in rheumatic patients with low echocardiographic score. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc Orgao Of Soc Bras Cir Cardiovasc. Sep 2011; 26(3): 380–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20110012

[B46] Srimahachota S, Boonyaratavej S, Wannakrairoj M, Udayachalerm W, Sangwattanaroj S, Ngarmukos P, et al. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: Hemodynamic and initial outcome differences between atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm in rheumatic mitral stenosis patients. J Med Assoc Thai. May 2001; 84(5): 674–80.

[B47] Choudhary SK, Dhareshwar J, Govil A, Airan B, Kumar AS. Open mitral commissurotomy in the current era: Indications, technique, and results. Ann Thorac Surg. Jan 2003; 75(1): 41–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04276-5

[B48] Luo T, Han J, Meng X. Features of rheumatic mitral valves and a grading system to identify suitable repair cases in China. J Thorac Dis. Sep 2017; 9(9): 3138–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.08.121

[B49] Russell EA, Walsh WF, Tran L, Tam R, Reid CM, Brown A, et al. The burden and implications of preoperative atrial fibrillation in Australian heart valve surgery patients. Int J Cardiol. 15 Jan 2017; 227: 100–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.070

[B50] Sarralde JA, Bernal JM, Llorca J, Pontón A, Diez-Solorzano L, Giménez-Rico JR, et al. Repair of rheumatic tricuspid valve disease: Correlates of very long-term mortality and reoperation. Ann Thorac Surg. Aug 2010; 90(2): 503–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.105

[B51] Acartürk E, Usal A, Demir M, Akgül F, Ozeren A. Thromboembolism risk in patients with mitral stenosis. Jpn Heart J. Sep 1997; 38(5): 669–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1536/ihj.38.669

[B52] Adhikari KP, Malla R, Limbu D, Rauniyar BK, Regmi S, Hirachan A, et al. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in patients attending emergency department of Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal. Nepal Heart J. 12 Feb 2016; 13(1): 1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njh.v13i1.14536

[B53] Arora R, Kalra GS, Murty GS, Trehan V, Jolly N, Mohan JC, et al. Percutaneous transatrial mitral commissurotomy: Immediate and intermediate results. J Am Coll Cardiol. May 1994; 23(6): 1327–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(94)90374-3

[B54] Behra SS, Anil Kumar AVS, Singh H, Satyanand K. To study the prevalence of arrhythmias in valvular heart disease and their correlation with echocardiographic variables. J Clin Diagn Res. Nov 2018; 12(11): 12–9.

[B55] Boonyasirinant T, Phankinthongkum R, Komoltri C. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters and score for the left atrial thrombus formation prediction in the patients with mitral stenosis. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet. Nov 2007; 90 (suppl 2): 9–18.

[B56] Boyarchuk O, Hariyan T, Kovalchuk T. Clinical features of rheumatic heart disease in children and adults in Western Ukraine. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2019; 18(1): 87–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v18i1.39556

[B57] Chockalingam A, Gnanavelu G, Elangovan S, Chockalingam V. Clinical spectrum of chronic rheumatic heart disease in India. J Heart Valve Dis. Sep 2003; 12(5): 577–81.

[B58] Chu PH, Chiang CW, Hsu LA, Lin KH, Cheng NJ, Kuo CT. Low prevalence of coronary arterial disease in Chinese adults with mitral stenosis. Chang Gung Med J. Feb 2001; 24(2): 97–102.

[B59] Diker E, Aydogdu S, Ozdemir M, Kural T, Polat K, Cehreli S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic valvular heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1 Jan 1996; 77(1): 96–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89145-X

[B60] Doukky R, Abusin SA, Bayissa YA, Kelly RF, Ansari AH. Rheumatic heart disease in modern urban America: A cohort study of immigrant and indigenous patients in Chicago. Int J Cardiol. 15 Jul 2014; 175(1): 178–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.207

[B61] Drighil A, Ghellab D, Mathewson JW, Ouarga L, Alalou H, Azzouzi L. Immediate impact of successful percutaneous mitral valve commissurotomy on echocardiographic measures of right ventricular contractility. J Am Soc Echocardiogr Off Publ Am Soc Echocardiogr. Nov 2012; 25(11): 1245–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2012.08.010

[B62] Fawzy ME, Shoukri M, Fadel B, Badr A, Al Ghamdi A, Canver C. Long-term (up to 18 years) clinical and echocardiographic results of mitral balloon valvuloplasty in 531 consecutive patients and correlates of outcome. Cardiology. 2009; 113(3): 213–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000201992

[B63] Gamra H, Betbout F, Ben Hamda K, Addad F, Maatouk F, Dridi Z, et al. Balloon mitral commissurotomy in juvenile rheumatic mitral stenosis: A ten-year clinical and echocardiographic actuarial results. Eur Heart J. Jul 2003; 24(14): 1349–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00257-4

[B64] Goswami KC, Yadav R, Bahl VK. Correlates of left atrial appendage clot: A transesophageal echocardiographic study of left atrial appendage function in patients with severe mitral stenosis. Indian Heart J. Dec 2004; 56(6): 628–35.

[B65] Goswami KC, Yadav R, Rao MB, Bahl VK, Talwar KK, Manchanda SC. Clinical and echocardiographic correlates of left atrial clot and spontaneous echo contrast in patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis: A prospective study in 200 patients by transesophageal echocardiography. Int J Cardiol. 31 May 2000; 73(3): 273–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(00)00235-7

[B66] Hung JS, Chern MS, Wu JJ, Fu M, Yeh KH, Wu YC, et al. Short- and long-term results of catheter balloon percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Am J Cardiol. 15 Apr 1991; 67(9): 854–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90619-V

[B67] Islam A, Azhar MA, Islam MF, Haque MZ, Yeasmin L. A clinical study on the pattern of mitral valvular disease in a peripheral tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. Cardiovasc J. 2010; 3(1): 11–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v3i1.6421

[B68] López-Meneses M, Martínez Ríos MA, Vargas Barrón J, Reyes Corona J, Sánchez F. Ten-year clinical and echocardiographic follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral commissurotomy with Inoue balloon. Arch Cardiol Mex. Mar 2009; 79(1): 5–10.

[B69] Iung B, Nicoud-Houel A, Fondard O, Hafid Akoudad null, Haghighat T, Brochet E, et al. Temporal trends in percutaneous mitral commissurotomy over a 15-year period. Eur Heart J. Apr 2004; 25(8): 701–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2004.02.026

[B70] Melka A. Rheumatic heart disease in Gondar College of Medial Sciences Teaching Hospital: Socio-demographic and clinical profile. Ethiop Med J. Oct 1996; 34(4): 207–16.

[B71] Mrozowska E, Krzemińska-Pakuła M, Rogowski W, Musiał WJ, Zasłonka J. [Atrial fibrillation in mitral valve disease—Risk factors]. Pol Arch Med Wewn. Jan 1999; 101(1): 45–53.

[B72] Negi PC, Mahajan K, Rana V, Sondhi S, Mahajan N, Rathour S, et al. Clinical characteristics, complications, and treatment practices in patients with RHD: 6-year results from HP-RHD registry. Glob Heart. 2018; 13(4): 267–274.e2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2018.06.001

[B73] Okello E, Wanzhu Z, Musoke C, Twalib A, Kakande B, Lwabi P, et al. Cardiovascular complications in newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Cardiovasc J Afr. Apr 2013; 24(3): 80–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-016-0451-8

[B74] Okello E, Longenecker CT, Beaton A, Kamya MR, Lwabi P. Rheumatic heart disease in Uganda: Correlates of morbidity and mortality one year after presentation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017; 17(1): 20.

[B75] Okubo S, Nagata S, Masuda Y, Kawazoe K, Atobe M, Manabe H. Clinical features of rheumatic heart disease in Bangladesh. Jpn Circ J. Dec 1984; 48(12): 1345–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.48.1345

[B76] Pourafkari L, Baghbani-Oskouei A, Aslanabadi N, Tajlil A, Ghaffari S, Sadigh AM, et al. Fine versus coarse atrial fibrillation in rheumatic mitral stenosis: The impact of aging and the clinical significance. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol Off J Int Soc Holter Noninvasive Electrocardiol Inc. 2018; 23(4): e12540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12540

[B77] Sharma SK, Verma SH. A clinical evaluation of atrial fibrillation in rheumatic heart disease. J Assoc Physicians India. Jun 2015; 63(6): 22–5.

[B78] Shimada S. A 13-year follow-up study of rheumatic valvular diseases. Jpn Circ J. Dec 1986; 50(12): 1304–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.50.1304

[B79] Sims JB, Roberts WC. Comparison of findings in patients with versus without atrial fibrillation just before isolated mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral stenosis (with or without associated mitral regurgitation). Am J Cardiol. 1 Apr 2006; 97(7): 1035–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.023

[B80] Sliwa K, Mocumbi AO. Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa. Clin Res Cardiol Off J Ger Card Soc. Feb 2010; 99(2): 65–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1

[B81] Tadele H, Mekonnen W, Tefera E. Rheumatic mitral stenosis in children: More accelerated course in sub-Saharan patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 1 Nov 2013; 13: 95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-13-95

[B82] Vijayvergiya R, Sharma R, Shetty R, Subramaniyan A, Karna S, Chongtham D. Effect of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy on left atrial appendage function: An immediate and 6-month follow-up transesophageal Doppler study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr Off Publ Am Soc Echocardiogr. Nov 2011; 24(11): 1260–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2011.07.015

[B83] Yadeta D, Semeredin N, Mekonnen GE. Prevalence and correlates of atrial fibrillation and its embolic complications in patients with rheumatic heart disease at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2019; 33(1): 12–16.

[B84] Zhang W, Mondo C, Okello E, Musoke C, Kakande B, Nyakoojo W, et al. Presenting features of newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients in Mulago Hospital: A pilot study. Cardiovasc J Afr. Mar 2013; 24(2): 28–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-076

[B85] Zhou Z, Hu D. An epidemiological study on the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the Chinese population of mainland China. J Epidemiol. 2008; 18(5): 209–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE2008021

[B86] Zühlke L, Karthikeyan G, Engel ME, Rangarajan S, Mackie P, Cupido-Katya Mauff B, et al. Clinical outcomes in 3,343 children and adults with rheumatic heart disease from 14 low- and middle-income countries: Two-year follow-up of the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY Study). Circulation. 8 Nov 2016; 134(19): 1456–1466.

[B87] Buyukkaya S, Buyukkaya E, Arslan S, Aksakal E, Sevimli S, Gundogdu F, et al. Evaluation of left ventricular long-axis function in cases of rheumatic pure mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation. Tex Heart Inst J. 2008; 35(1): 22–7.

[B88] Kabukçu M, Arslantas E, Ates I, Demircioglu F, Ersel F. Clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and atrial fibrillation. Angiology. Mar–Apr 2005; 56(2): 159–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000331970505600206

[B89] Ancona R, Comenale Pinto S, Caso P, Di Salvo G, Severino S, D’Andrea A, et al. Two-dimensional atrial systolic strain imaging predicts atrial fibrillation at 4-year follow-up in asymptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. Mar 2013; 26(3): 270–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2012.11.016

[B90] Keren G, Etzion T, Sherez J, Zelcer AA, Megidish R, Miller HI, et al. Atrial fibrillation and atrial enlargement in patients with mitral stenosis. Am Heart J. Nov 1987; 114(5): 1146–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(87)90190-6

[B91] Krishnamoorthy KM, Dash PK. Prediction of atrial fibrillation in patients with severe mitral stenosis—Role of atrial contribution to ventricular filling. Scand Cardiovasc J. Dec 2003; 37(6): 344–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14017430310015893

[B92] Sabry AM, Mansour HAE, Abo El-Azm TH, Mostafa SA, Zahid BS. Echocardiographic correlates of atrial fibrillation after mitral valve replacement. Egypt Heart J. Dec 2017; 69(4): 281–288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehj.2017.07.002

[B93] Sharma G, Shetkar S, Bhasin A, Ramakrishnan L, Juneja R, Naik N, et al. High sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in atrial fibrillation with rheumatic mitral stenosis from Indian cohort. Indian Heart J. Jul–Aug 2017; 69(4): 505–511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2016.12.006

[B94] Probst P, Goldschlager N, Selzer A. Left atrial size and atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis. Factors influencing their relationship. Circulation. Dec 1973; 48(6): 1282–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.48.6.1282

[B95] Henry WL, Morganroth J, Pearlman AS, Clark CE, Redwood DR, Itscoitz SB, et al. Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. Feb 1976; 53(2): 273–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.53.2.273

[B96] Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Ling LH, Scott CG, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: Determinants and long-term outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 3 Jul 2002; 40(1): 84–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01922-8

[B97] Selcuk MT, Selcuk H, Maden O, Temizhan A, Aksu T, Dogan M, et al. Relationship between inflammation and atrial fibrillation in patients with isolated rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis. Sep 2007; 16(5): 468–74.

[B98] Alessandri N, Tufano F, Petrassi M, Alessandri C, Di Cristofano C, Della Rocca C, et al. Atrial fibrillation in pure rheumatic mitral valvular disease is expression of an atrial histological change. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Nov–Dec 2009; 13(6): 431–42.

[B99] Duran NE, Duran I, Sönmez K, Gençbay M, Akçay A, Turan F. Frequency and correlates of atrial fibrillation in severe mitral regurgitation. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. Jun 2003; 3(2): 129–34.

[B100] Khatouri A, Elyounassi B, Kendoussi M, Moyoupa C, Fall PD, Bahji M, et al. Predictive factors of atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis. Clinical and echocardiographic study. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). Oct 1999; 48(8): 569–73.

[B101] Unverferth DV, Fertel RH, Unverferth BJ, Leier CV. Atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis: Histologic, hemodynamic, and metabolic factors. Int J Cardiol. Feb 1984; 5(2): 143–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(84)90137-2

[B102] Noubiap JJ, Bigna JJ, Agbor VN, Mbanga C, Ndoadoumgue AL, Nkeck JR, et al. Meta-analysis of atrial fibrillation in patients with various cardiomyopathies. Am J Cardiol. 15 Jul 2019; 124(2): 262–269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.04.028

[B103] Stambler BS, Ngunga LM. Atrial fibrillation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Epidemiology, unmet needs, and treatment options. Int J Gen Med. 31 Jul 2015; 8: 231–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S84537

[B104] Bonny A, Ngantcha M, Sholtz W, Chin A, Nel G, Anzouan-Kacou JB, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in Africa: Epidemiology, management challenges, and perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019; 73(1): 100–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.084

[B105] Lip GY, Fauchier L, Freedman SB, Van Gelder I, Natale A, Gianni C, et al. Atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016; 2: 16016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.16

[B106] Aviles RJ, Martin DO, Apperson-Hansen C, Houghtaling PL, Rautaharju P, Kronmal RA, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 16 Dec 2003; 108(24): 3006–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000103131.70301.4F

[B107] Chiu-Braga YY, Hayashi SY, Schafranski M, Messias-Reason IJ. Further evidence of inflammation in chronic rheumatic valve disease (CRVD): High levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Int J Cardiol. 10 May 2006; 109(2): 275–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.04.030

[B108] Gölbasi Z, Uçar O, Keles T, Sahin A, Cagli K, Camsari A, et al. Increased levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein in patients with chronic rheumatic valve disease: Evidence of ongoing inflammation. Eur J Heart Fail. Oct 2002; 4(5): 593–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00102-2

[B109] Yetkin E, Erbay AR, Ileri M, Turhan H, Balci M, Cehreli S, et al. Levels of circulating adhesion molecules in rheumatic mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 15 Nov 2001; 88(10): 1209–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02067-7

[B110] Dakay K, Chang AD, Hemendinger M, Cutting S, McTaggart RA, Jayaraman MV, et al. Left atrial enlargement and anticoagulation status in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. Jan 2018; 27(1): 192–197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.08.025

[B111] Anter E, Jessup M, Callans DJ. Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: Treatment considerations for a dual epidemic. Circulation. 12 May 2009; 119(18): 2516–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821306

[B112] Van Gelder IC, Crijns HJ, Tieleman RG. Chronic atrial fibrillation. Success of serial cardioversion therapy and safety of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156(22): 2585–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1996.00440210109011

[B113] Grigioni F, Benfari G, Vanoverschelde JL, Tribouilloy C, Avierinos JF, Bursi F, et al. Long-term implications of atrial fibrillation in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 29 Jan 2019; 73(3): 264–274.

[B114] Oldgren J, Healey JS, Ezekowitz M, Commerford P, Avezum A, Pais P, et al. Variations in cause and management of atrial fibrillation in a prospective registry of 15,400 emergency department patients in 46 countries: The RE-LY Atrial Fibrillation Registry. Circulation. 15 Apr 2014; 129(15): 1568–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005451